A study of prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus using ankle-brachial index and its correlation with coronary artery disease and its risk factors

Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is one of the macrovascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There is significant difference in the reported prevalence of PAD and its associated risk factors between Indian and Western studies. The purpose of this study was to examine the PAD complicating T2DM, in particular the influence of PAD on the risk of CAD.Methods: Randomly selected 100 T2DM patients presented to Guru Nanak Dev hospital were included. In addition to a detailed history and physical examination, anthropometric parameters like body mass index was measured. CAD in patients was diagnosed by a history of angina, ECG changes, any past history of CAD or any treatment taken for CAD. Ankle brachial index (ABI) was measured. Data was collected systematically and analyzed according to the standard statistical methods.Results: The prevalence of PAD was 15%. CAD was present in 31%. PAD was found to be significantly correlated with age, duration of diabetes, smoking, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, prevalence of BMI >25 kg/m2, HbA1c and serum HDL ≤40 mg%. Old age, high HbA1c level, and dyslipidaemia were found to be significant independent predictors of CAD.Conclusions: Using ABI authors found evidence of PAD in 15% patients of T2DM. The prevalence of CAD was higher in patients with PAD. So, there is definite and strong correlation between PAD and CAD. Thus, the early diagnosis of PAD should alert the clinician to a high probability of underlying CAD.

Prevalence Of Hepatitis B Infection In Hiv Positive Patients At A Tertiary Care Hospital Of North India

Introduction: In India hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection is estimated to vary between 2% and 14% in various studies. HIV negatively impacts the disease outcome of hepatitis B and HBV increases hepatic complications in HIV. Objective: To study the prevalence of HBsAg positivity in HIV infected patients attending the anti-retroviral therapy center of Guru Nanak Dev Hospital, Amritsar. Material and methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study involved the collection of the results of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg)test of all HIV patients who were registered over a period of one year. The data was tabulated and analyzed statistically. Results: Of the 435 participants 285 (65.52%) were males and 150 (34.48%) were females, the hepatitis B surface antigen positivity rate was 3.68%. Male in the age group of 19 to 40 years and injection drug users were more susceptible. Conclusion:Analyzing this data lead to certain helpful insight that the prevalence of almost 3.68% stresses upon the need for testing for HBsAg in HIV infected patients. For prevention of hepatic complications early treatment should be initiated and those who are negative should be vaccinated.

Influence of ThreeDifferent Instrumentation Techniques on the Incidence of Postoperative Pain After Endodontic Treatment

Objective:To evaluatethe influence of threedifferent instrumentation techniques on the incidence of postoperative pain after endodontic treatment.Material and Methods:Ninety permanent single rooted mandibular premolar with sign and symptoms of non-vital teethwere selected. Patients were randomly divided into three different groups according to the type of instrumentation:Group 1=Reciproc; Group 2=Twisted File incontinuousmotion and Group 3=WaveOne. Oburation was done with corresponding guttapercha points using zinc oxide eugenol sealer. The intensity of pain was recorded by the patient using visual analoguescale, after 2hr,6hr,12hr,48hr and 3days of completion of obturation.Data analysis was done using Wilcoxon signed-rankstest. The level of significance was set at 5%.Results:For Group 1 at 12 hours mean was 4.53 + 1.9 and median was 5. The mean value increased from 2 hours to 6 hours upto 12 hours and decreased after 48 hours till 3rd day. For Group 2 at 12 hours mean was 2.80 + 0.71 and median was 3.00. The mean value increased from 2 hours to 6 hours upto 12 hours and decreased after 48 hours till third day. For Group 3 at 12 hours mean was 4.77 + 1.81 and median was 5.00. Mean value increased from 2 hrupto 12 hr and decreased from 12 hours upto third day.At interval from 2-48 hours there is no significant difference seen between 3 groups and at 2 hours-3 days interval significant difference was seen in first group, but no significant results were seen between group 2 and group 3. There was no significant difference seen between all the groups at the interval of 6-12 hours (p>0.05). Conclusion:Pain score was less in case of Twisted File continuous motion technique while it was more in WaveOne and Reciproc technique (AU).

Bisphosphonates : Can These Be The Bone Eaters.

Bisphosphonates are a group of synthetic analogs of inorganic pyrophosphate ( an endogenous regulator of bone mineralization) Bisphosphonates are a family of drugs used to prevent and treat osteoporosis, multiple myeloma, Paget’s disease (bone cancers), and bone metastasis from other cancers. These drugs can bond to bone surfaces and prevent osteoclasts (cells that breakdown bone) from doing their job.